Basic knowledge of scientific chicken

Section 1 Preparation before brooding
Preparation of 1. brooding room and utensils
Before brooding, the chicken coop should be comprehensively inspected and maintained, mainly to facilitate heat preservation. Any damaged doors, windows, walls, roof, roof, etc. should be repaired in time. Special attention should be paid to the prevention of thieves and rain leaks, and attention should be paid to the ability to regulate the air and ventilate in the hot season. The layout should be reasonable to facilitate feeding management and epidemic prevention.
Equipment and utensils such as breeding cages, breeding troughs, drinking fountains, etc. must be carefully washed with clean water before each feeding, with special attention to dead corners and exposure to sunlight. The floor of the chicken house should be disinfected with disinfectant, and the walls should also be sprayed and disinfected.
Prewarming of 2. brooding room
Before entering the chicks, turn on the power supply of the heat preservation heat source or the heat preservation umbrella to make the chicks enter only when the temperature around the brooding room reaches a stable temperature of 32-34 ℃, especially when the temperature is low. If there is no insulation umbrella and the house space is large, it can be covered with objects that can be insulated 80cm from the ground to reduce and reduce the space and achieve the purpose of insulation.
Preparation of 3. feeds and medicines
Before entering the chicks, high-quality feed should be selected according to the requirements of the chicks. Each chick needs about 0.8-1.1kg of feed to five weeks of age. The first 20 days of brooding eat very little, do not reserve too much feed, so as not to spoil for a long time. At the same time, some commonly used drugs should be prepared, such as chicks taking supplementary salt, glucose, Shi Defu, neomycin sulfate, chicken treasure -20, weiba first, special rice first, etc.
The second section of the chicken feeding points
1. drinking water
Chickens should drink water before feeding after entering the pen. The chicks are fed cold boiled water for the first two weeks of brooding and can be fed clean well water later. Brooding 1-3 days of age, it is best to add chicks to the drinking water with salt and glucose powder. At the age of 7-9 days, neomycin sulfate or norfloxacin should be drunk for 2-3 days to prevent dysentery and cold. At the age of 14-16 days, anti-coccidiosis drugs such as chicken treasure -20, amproline and dicococcus king should be drunk to prevent coccidiosis.
2. Feeding
The chicken seedlings that have just returned can be fed after drinking water for 1-2 hours. Chicks before the age of one month should be fed with chick full-price pellet feed. Chickens are generally fed at the stage regardless of the number of meals. The feed is placed in the beverage tank so that they can eat all day long. However, we must pay attention to adding less frequently, do not have old feed, and ensure that the feed is fresh and not moldy.
Section 3 Management Points of Chickens
1. temperature
The chicks are given a higher temperature immediately after entering the room, generally up to 32-34 ℃, and then gradually reduce 1-2 ℃ every week as the chicks grow up. When the chick grows to about 60 days old, the room temperature drops to about 20 ℃ and cannot drop any more. The brooding temperature should be about 2 ℃ higher at night than during the day. In addition, attention should also be paid to the dynamics of the chicken flock. Chickens scream with their eyes closed and squeeze into piles, indicating that the temperature is not enough. Chickens are far away from heat sources, stick to the wall and gasp with their mouths open, indicating that the temperature is too high. Chickens are evenly distributed in the house, have lively movements, eat and drink normally, and lie quietly with their necks stretched out and legs during rest, indicating that the temperature is appropriate.
There is another situation, although the thermometer is appropriate, but because the mat is too thin and the ground is too cold, the chickens do not lie down and pile up, then the mat should be thickened.
The main methods of heat preservation for chicks are: heat preservation umbrella, infrared lamp, electric lamp, lamp pit, etc.
2. humidity
The water content of the newly-shelled chicks reaches 76%. If the brooding room is too dry, the water emission of the chicken body is large, which is unfavorable to the growth and development of the chicks. But the humidity is too large, the air is not circulating, the chicken is stuffy, and it is easy to cause the occurrence of coccidia, pullorum and other diseases. The relative humidity in the brooding room is generally 65-55%. In addition, the drinker should always keep water, so that, in addition to supplying chicks with sufficient drinking water, the humidity of the indoor air can also be adjusted.
3. air
Chickens breathe fast and have strong metabolism. There are often hundreds or even thousands of chicks in a brooding room. For example, the high density of carbon dioxide and toxic gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide decomposed from feces are easy to cause oxygen deficiency and affect the health of chickens, especially when they are raised in multi-layer cages. Therefore, heat preservation and ventilation must be adjusted well. There should be an exhaust window above the brooding room. Ammonia should not be smelled when entering the chicken house.
4. light
For the first 1-2 days, chicks are required to be given 24 hours of continuous light. The third day began to change to regular light, generally 16-17 hours a day with light is appropriate (including natural light and artificial light time).
5. density
The density of brooding indoor chicks was gradually evacuated with the growth of chicken weeks. At the same time should take into account the different seasons and the density should be different, winter can be more dense, summer to be sparse. General density: 1 week old, 70-80 per square meter; 2 weeks old, 50-60 per square meter; 3 weeks old, 30-40 per square meter; 4-6 weeks old, 20-30 per square meter; 7-9 weeks old, 15-20 per square meter.
In addition, it should also be noted that foreign broilers are large in size and grow fast, so they should be sparse. Local chickens are small in size, slow in growth and denser.
6. clustering
Chicks of different days of age cannot be raised in the same group, and chicks raised in large groups should be divided into groups early. When grouping, it should be carried out according to strength, male and female, size, and the maximum number of groups should not exceed 500 (flat), so as not to cause extrusion, damage and pecking addiction. Herding can be carried out simultaneously with culling of chicks and evacuation of density. Reasonable grouping can ensure the development of chicks with neat, but also an important measure to improve the survival rate.
In addition to the above points, the same brooding room should not be fed in batches, but should be fed in and out, which is conducive to epidemic prevention. After the chickens are brought out, it is best to keep the chicken house for 1-2 weeks, and after repeated strict disinfection, before entering the next batch of chickens, which can reduce the occurrence of diseases.
Chapter II Key Points of Feeding and Management of Chinese Chickens
From chicken to chicken, mainly do the following three transitions.
1. Transition of temperature removal: heat preservation is no longer required when transferring to the chicken stage. However, the temperature should be reduced in a few days, not all at once, otherwise the chickens will not adapt and will easily cause diseases.
2. Grazing transition: In the middle stage, chickens are generally raised outside, but do not put them outside from the brooding room at once, especially when the temperature is low, rainy and windy. The correct method should be to keep it in the chicken coop for a few days. Then release the door, gradually expand the scope of grazing, and keep a few days. Finally, they were kept outside.
3. Transition of feed: The nutrient content of feed fed in the middle chicken stage is lower than that in the chick stage, but it cannot be lowered all at once and should be gradually reduced. The specific method is: the first three days with 2/3 chicken feed, add 1/3 chicken feed, mix well and feed. Then use chicken feed, half of the chicken feed, mix well and feed for three days. Then 1/3 with chicken feed, 2/3 with chicken feed, mix well and feed for another three days. Finally, the chicken feed is completely fed.
Chapter III Key Points of Broiler Feeding and Management
The purpose of feeding and management in the broiler stage is to promote muscle growth and fat deposition. The main approach is:
1. The food trough should be sufficient so that all chickens can only eat together. And to ensure that there is sufficient clean drinking water. This will make the whole flock grow neatly.
2, chicken coop to maintain ventilation, clean and sanitary, room temperature to 16-30 ℃ is the most appropriate, and to maintain a certain degree of darkness, as long as there is a certain degree of light in feeding, can be normal feeding.
3, to appropriately increase the fat-containing feed, such as adding lard, vegetable oil and so on. However, it should be gradually increased when adding, generally 2% of the feeding weight can be added. It is best to feed the fat chicken about one month after the listing.
Chapter IV Key Points of Chicken Epidemic Prevention
The first section to do a good job of cleaning and disinfection
1. keep the chicken house clean and dry
The chicken coop and its surrounding environment must be cleaned and changed frequently to keep it clean and dry. Remove the manure, bedding, leftovers, fen such as feed and garbage, cover the outside with soil, and rett into fertilizer. In this way, the bacteria, viruses and parasitic eggs in these fens can be killed by the heat generated during fermentation inside the fertilizer heap.
Regular disinfection of 2.
The chicken utensils, equipment, chicken houses and the surrounding environment should be regularly disinfected. this is an important measure for preventing and eradicating infectious diseases and must be done conscientiously. At ordinary times, it is advisable to disinfect once a week or so, and disinfect once a day in case of infectious diseases. There are many ways to disinfect. It can be selected according to different disinfection objects and actual conditions. Here are some common disinfection methods.
1, sunlight disinfection method: the use of sunlight to kill bacteria and viruses, which is an economical and practical disinfection method. Chicken utensils, bedding, etc. can be exposed to the sun, and chickens can also be properly exposed to the sun.
2. Flame disinfection method: bedding grass, feed and garbage contaminated by diseased chicken secretions can be burned with fire. Contaminated food tanks, drinking fountains, utensils, etc. can be repeatedly baked on the flame to kill certain pathogenic microorganisms.
3, boiling disinfection method: work clothes, syringes, needles and surgical equipment, etc., put in the pot to boil for 30-60 minutes, can achieve the purpose of disinfection. Some things in the chicken coop that cannot be moved can also be washed and disinfected repeatedly with boiling water.
4. Drug disinfection method: the inside and outside of the chicken house and the breeding equipment and utensils can be disinfected with strong disinfectant, bacteria poison net, bacteria poison kill, disinfectant, xiaoterin, disinfection king, lime, caustic soda, bacteria poison clear and other disinfection drugs.
Section II. Regular preventive injections
Preventive injection is commonly referred to as the prevention of fighting, is an important measure to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases in chickens.
Vaccines and epidemic prevention regulations for 1. chickens
1. Fast-growing broilers: 1-day-old injection of Marek's disease vaccine. At the age of 6-8 days, drop the new branch concomitant vaccine, stab the fowlpox vaccine, and drink the first bursa of Fabricius vaccine. 17-20 days old, drink chicken plague IV vaccine, drink the second bursa vaccine. 30-32 days of age. Drop infectious bronchial H52 vaccine, inject chicken plague I vaccine (or chicken plague IV vaccine), and drink the third bursal vaccine.
2. Local broilers: 1-day-old injection of Marek's disease vaccine. At the age of 6-8 days, the fowlpox vaccine is planted, and the new branch two-joint vaccine is dropped, and the first French or vaccine is drunk. At the age of 16-18 days, drink the second bursal vaccine and inject the second Marek's disease vaccine. At the age of 30 days, the first chicken plague I vaccine was injected, the infectious bronchitis H52 vaccine was dropped, and the third bursa of Fabricius vaccine was drunk. At the age of 60 days, the second chicken plague I vaccine was injected, the bird drinking vaccine was injected, and the infectious gas tube inflammation vaccine was dropped.
Vaccines and epidemic prevention regulations for 2. breeding chickens
Breeders are raised, injected with avian plague I vaccine and avian infective vaccine once every six months, and dropped with infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine once.
Section 3 Appropriate Use of Some Preventive Drugs
Regular consumption of preventive drugs is an important measure to implement the "prevention first" policy. The production practice of many chicken farms has proved that taking preventive drugs regularly can prevent pathogenic microorganisms from entering the chicken body and kill pathogenic microorganisms that invade the chicken body, enhance the anti-disease force of the chicken body, and have a good effect on disease prevention.
Preventive drugs are mainly based on the occurrence and prevalence of chicken diseases. Before the onset of the disease, antibiotics and drugs such as cooling and detoxification, helping digestion, and strengthening the spleen and stomach are regularly fed in a planned and purposeful manner. For example, 1-3 day-old chicks are given salt supplement to prevent pullorum from eliminating gastrointestinal germs and increasing nutrients to prevent water loss and dry feet. 6-8 day-old chicks are given neomycin sulfate to prevent pullorum and enteritis. To 15-18 days old chicks drink amproline, chicken treasure -20, enemy ball king and other drugs, in order to prevent the occurrence of pullorum and coccidiosis. When inoculating virus vaccine or dead vaccine, Viba can be added to drinking water for 2-3 consecutive days to prevent stress. In the climate change is large, or in the season when chicken diseases are prone to occur, some Chinese herbal medicines that clear heat and cool blood, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory can be taken to prevent respiratory diseases. At ordinary times, chickens are often fed with some B tablets, lactase and eatery, which not only invigorate the spleen, eliminate food, but also prevent and cure diseases.
Section IV Emergency Measures in the Occurrence of Infectious Diseases
In a chicken farm or a farmer's flock, if the same chicken disease occurs at the same time or for several consecutive days, it may be an infectious disease. At this time, the sick chicken should be isolated first, and an experienced veterinarian should be asked to make rapid diagnosis and treatment. If it is diagnosed as an infectious disease, the following measures should be taken immediately to quickly extinguish and control the disease.
1. report the epidemic situation: after the occurrence of infectious diseases, the epidemic situation should be reported to the relevant departments to obtain their attention and support. At the same time, the neighboring chicken farms and farmers were notified, asking them to pay close attention to the development of the epidemic and take effective measures to prevent the infection of the chickens.
2. isolation treatment: isolate sick chickens from flocks and treat them separately to minimize losses. For diseased chickens treated in isolation, special personnel should be used to raise them. Special feed and tools should be used. Feces and bedding of diseased chickens should also be treated separately. Irrelevant personnel should not enter or leave the chicken house to prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, a disinfection pool should be set up at the entrance of healthy chicken house and sick chicken house. Disinfectant water should be put in the pool. Personnel and vehicles entering and leaving the chicken house should pass through the disinfection pool, pathogenic microorganisms that stick to the soles of the feet or vehicles are killed.
3. blockade: its purpose is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases to safe areas. After the blockade, chickens, chicken, eggs, etc. in the epidemic area should be prohibited from being listed or shipped to the safe area. When the last sick chicken is cured or dead, it will be thoroughly disinfected, and after about 10 days, if no sick chicken appears, the blockade can be lifted.
4. disinfection: after the occurrence of infectious diseases, chicken coops, feed tanks, drinking fountains, utensils, sick chicken feces, and all contaminated things should be thoroughly disinfected with appropriate disinfection methods, and should not be careless or omitted.
5. proper handling of sick chicken carcasses: sick and dead chicken carcasses contain a large number of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, proper handling of sick chickens and their carcasses is a key measure to quickly control the epidemic. In particular, farmers should be persuaded not to sell sick chickens on the market or to slaughter them at will, so as to avoid the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and accelerate the spread of infection. Dead chickens should be buried deep (about 0.6 meters deep) away from villages, water sources or places where chickens cannot go. After burying, lime should be sprinkled and personnel and tools should be disinfected.
6. emergency preventive injection: after the isolation of sick chickens, other healthy chickens in the local area, as well as chickens from neighboring farmers, should be given emergency preventive injection to improve the disease resistance of healthy chickens.
Chapter V Prevention and Control of Common Chicken Diseases
1. chicken plague
1. Symptoms: poor spirit, outliers, head and neck contraction, loose feathers, and no food. Black crown, green and white excrement, bloated crops, and sour liquid will flow out of the mouth when the sick chicken is lifted upside down. Difficulty breathing, coughing.
2, lesions: glandular gastric papilla swelling, bleeding, coronary sulcus fat bleeding, cloaca bleeding, cecal tonsil swelling, bleeding, throat bleeding.
3. Neck prevention: drop II seedlings at the age of 7-8 days, inject I seedlings at the age of 1 month, and inject I seedlings for the second time at the age of 2 months.
4, treatment: early injection of chicken plague antibody, the effect is very good. The dosage is: 0.5-1 ml for chicks, 1.5-1.8 ml for medium chickens and 2-3 ml for large chickens.
2. Marek's disease
1. Symptoms: depressed spirit, reduced appetite, daily emaciation, shrinking head and closing eyes, unwilling to move around. Crooked head, crop drooping, hanging wings, paralysis. Some see iris opacity, irregular edges, pupil narrowing and even blindness. A few see skin tumor. Pull blue white manure.
2, lesions: hepatomegaly, serious surface with rice to peanut size tumor. Splenomegaly. Some see kidney, intestine, lung and other places have tumors. Glandular gastric edema. Some see leg or wing nerve swelling, lose luster.
3. Prevention: The first vaccine is injected within 24 hours of birth, and the second vaccine is injected on 16-18 days. Do not feed in a place where Marek's disease has occurred for 40 days.
4. Treatment: At present, there is no specific drug treatment. The best way is to use licorice, mung bean and kelp boiled sugar water to relieve symptoms and reduce death.
3. bursal disease
1. Symptoms: depressed spirit, loose hair, fear of cold, piling up, elevated body temperature, unstable gait, lying on the ground, common wings drooping, head and neck sticking to the ground. Inappetence or disused, increased drinking water. Yellowish white or pale white watery dung, swelling. Death occurs soon after the onset of the disease.
2, lesions: muscle bleeding, bursa edema bleeding, glandular stomach bleeding, kidney pale, swollen.
3, prevention: 6-8 days old drink the first vaccine, 17-20 days old drink the second vaccine, 30-32 days old drink the third vaccine.
4. Treatment:(1) Injection of bursal antibody, 1-1.2 ml for chickens and 1.2-2.5 ml for medium chickens. (2) even drink 2-3 days kidney swollen detoxification clear and cystocidal disease.
4. chicken pox
1, symptoms: crown, meat beard, eye margin, mouth and throat and other hairless parts grow acne. Due to the impact of acne, there will be mental loss of appetite, breathing difficulties and other symptoms. Severe visible due to eating no food, drinking no water or breathing suffocation and death.
2. Prevention: 7-12 days old when stab fowlpox vaccine.
3. Treatment: carefully soak the scab with normal saline and slowly peel it off. Such as in the skin, after peeling off the scab can be coated with tinea dime ointment. Such as in the throat, peel off the pockmark scab coated with iodine glycerin, and blow a little throat pill or six god pill powder. Use twice a day until healed.
5. infectious bronchitis
1. Symptoms: Sick chickens are depressed, have difficulty breathing, gasp for air, have rales in breathing, cough, nasal congestion and swelling, viscous nasal fluid, tears, gray and white feces.
2, lesions: nasal, trachea, bronchial mucosa congestion, bleeding, and serous secretions. There is a cheese-like substance in the trachea and bronchitis. The kidneys are pale and enlarged, and the renal tubules and ureters are enlarged and filled with white urates.
3. Prevention: The first vaccine is dropped at the age of 6-8 days, and the second vaccine is dropped at the age of 30-32 days.
4, treatment:(1) injection of enrofloxacin plus virus net. (2) Injection of gertrin plus tellurn. (3) Inject Lincomycin plus Dinancana. (4) Drink and take Telitope.
6. infectious laryngotracheitis
1. Symptoms: runny nose, tears, swollen face, poor spirit, difficulty breathing, common neck stretching and mouth breathing, coughing and panting. The nostrils of sick chickens often have blood sample secretions. They often shake their heads and cough up bloody liquid. Therefore, blood sample secretions can be seen on the floor or wall of the chicken house.
2. Lesion: tracheal mucosa is highly congested and bleeding, tracheal lumen has a large amount of bloody mucus, and Kun has cheese-like substances.
3. Prevention: In areas with this disease, infectious tracheitis vaccine should be received.
4. Treatment:(1) injection of tracheitis antibody. (2) injection of virus net. (3) Drink and take the raw materials of Viral Spirit and Kebiqing. (4) drink strong cough and asthma spirit.
7. chronic respiratory disease
1. Symptoms: nasal fluid flow, sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, and tracheal rales. loss of appetite, growth pause, progressive emaciation. In severe cases, the nostril area is oozed, the eyes and face are swollen, the eyes are prominent or even blind, and they die of emaciation.
2, lesions: tracheal mucosa rough, tracheal mucus. Thickening of the gas wall, opacification, inferior orbital sinus.
3. Prevention: Injectable inactivated vaccine against fungal septicum.
4. Treatment:(1) injection of enrofloxacin. (2) injection of ofloxacin. (3) injection of spectinomycin and Lincomycin. (4) injection of cephalosporin. (5) Injection of streptomycin. (6) drink Taiwo bacteria or doxycycline. (7) Drink and take Tailitros.
8. colibacillosis
1. Symptoms: low spirits, shrinking head, closing eyes and white or yellow-green feces. Difficulty breathing, mouth breathing, rales, inflammation of the conjunctiva.
2. Lesion: hepatomegaly, copper green, with gray-white spots of needle size, and gray-white cellulose film covered and stripped on the surface. The pericardium is thickened and grayish white, the pericardial fluid is increased, the pericardium has fibrinous exudate, and the epicardium is also covered with such exudate. Gas thickened, rough, with gray inflammatory exudate attached. The peritoneum is thickened and dull, with cellulose exudate attached. The intestinal mucosa is swollen and bleeding, and the intestinal contents are thin and often mixed with blood. Hens commonly fill the abdominal cavity with pale yellow fishy liquid and cracked egg yolk.
3, prevention: can be injected to prevent colibacillosis vaccine. It is best to inject a vaccine made of a strain isolated from this chicken farm.
4. Treatment: According to the test, Qingnuokang, Qingda toxin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, enrofloxacin, specific rice first, Escherichia coli No.1 and other drugs have good therapeutic effect. You can choose to use them and use them according to the instructions. And penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline and other poor efficacy.
9. aspergillosis
1. Symptoms: sick chickens lose appetite, doze off and diarrhea. Increased number of breaths, neck stretching, mouth panting, runny nose. Eye secretions increase, eyelid swelling and protrusion.
2, lesions: the lungs have gray and dark bacterial filaments, trachea, bronchial yellow secretion. Slightly longer illness. There were small nodular necrotic foci on the lungs and air sacs, and mildew spots with a slightly larger central depression in the sac were also seen.
3. Prevention: Do a good job of preventing moisture in rainy seasons to prevent moldy bedding and feed. In the brooding room, the utensils should be disinfected regularly and the bedding grass should be replaced frequently.
4. Treatment:(1) Feed nystatin and use 500000 units per 100 grams of chicks twice a day for 3 days. (2) Feeding clotrimazole, 1g for every 100 chicks, twice a day, 2-3 times. (3) drinking and taking weiba to prevent complications first.
10. poultry out defeat
1, symptoms: early common sudden death of chickens. A few days later, the sick chicken died before the spirit of loss of appetite, feathers loose, frequent discharge of yellow or yellow-green dung, black crown, breathing speed up. Later, can see the joint swelling, claudication, meat beard swelling and other symptoms.
2, lesions: coronary sulcus fat bleeding, liver surface has a needle tip big gray white necrosis point, duodenal mucosa with catarrhal or hemorrhagic tip disease, peritoneal, subcutaneous tissue, intestinal fat bleeding, pulmonary stagnation, edema. Hens often have cracked egg yolk eggs and other cheese in the abdominal cavity.
3. Prevention: Chickens over two months old shall be regularly injected with avian bacterial vaccine.
4. Treatment: penicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethazine, fluocine acid, spherofloxacin, enrofloxacin and other antibacterial drugs, as well as some Chinese herbal medicines with heat-clearing and blood-cooling, anti-inflammatory and detoxification, all have therapeutic effects. You can choose to use them, refer to the instructions or follow the doctor's advice.
XI. Coccidiosis
1. Symptoms: Poor mental appetite, fear of cold piling, loose feathers, drooping wings and closed eyes. Pull white with blood dilute dung, even disease blood. Sick chicken emaciation, pale cockscomb, anemia.
2, lesions: significant swelling of the cecum, the small intestine is also significantly thicker, the appearance was brown red or dark red, intestinal mucosal thickening, congestion, bleeding, cecum full of blood.
3. Prevention: cutting off the life history of coccidia in vitro, such as keeping the chicken house ventilated and dry, feeding density appropriate, removing feces in time, and disinfecting the site regularly are effective measures to prevent the occurrence of this disease.
4. Treatment: At present, there are many drugs used to treat coccidiosis, such as Anbaole, Anproline, Jibao -20, Coccidioidea, Diacyclin, Sulfadimethoxine, Ball Net, penicillin, etc. Among them, Coccidioidea has the best effect and can be used by each farmer.
When coccidiosis occurs, it must be treated with medicine and dung cleaning, otherwise a large number of coccidioides eggs will infect other chickens after they mature in the external environment, making it difficult to break the root of the disease.